n 1961, when Liberal Party standard-bearer Diosdado Macapagal was
in the midst of a victorious presidential campaign, today’s presidential
aspirant Manny Villar Jr. was 11 years old and living with his large
extended family in a rented three-story corner house along Tondo’s main
tree-lined boulevard, Moriones Street.
Villar’s father, Manuel Sr., was a US-educated Philippine government
budget officer and his mother was an enterprising fish dealer, one of a
privileged few with a choice stall in Divisoria market, one of Manila’s
busiest.
By that year, Evelyn Villar, Manny’s aunt and Manuel Sr.’s sister, had
already been a leading lady in movies produced by the major studio LVN.
Evelyn hung out with Rosa Rosal, Delia Razon and other LVN stars at the
time, and would occasionally sleep over in the Moriones house.
It was also a time when, candidate Manny Villar would like voters to
believe, his family was almost desperately poor, judging from the songs,
rhetoric and political ads that have formed the main narrative of his
political campaign.
"Ako, noong first 11 years of my life, talagang squatter kami noong
araw. Lahat, dinaanan ko yan," the senator said two weeks ago.
In 1962, as Villar was turning 13, his younger brother Danny, then
three, died of leukemia, after his family had already transferred from
Moriones to the upscale San Rafael Village in North Balut, Tondo (San
Rafael village spans the border between Tondo and Navotas).
But in a political ad that has stopped airing, Villar claimed that his
family was so poor then that they couldn’t buy the medicines that could
have saved his brother’s life.
A studio photograph taken of the Villar family when the
future senator, standing right back row, was in college. The young child
in the front is actually the deceased Daniel Villar, who was not alive
when the original photo was taken. It was only recently that the Villar
family had the photo digitally altered to include Danny's image.
"Gusto kasi namin kumpleto kami sa photo," said Vicky Villar-
Divinagracia. Danny died before the age of four in 1962.
His
critics and political opponents have since challenged the veracity of
his claims to childhood destitution, leading Villar and his allies to
back track a bit and halt some of the more questionable ads proclaiming
his pauper roots, including the now famous music ad about swimming in a
sea of garbage and spending Christmas on the streets, as if Villar and
his siblings were urchins caroling to motorists.
The argument about the Villar family’s true economic status has become
one of the bitterest bones of contention in this overheated political
season, and has led to spirited exchanges in the media and on the web
about what constituted real poverty in the early 1960s.
GMANews.TV has spent the past month trying to get to the bottom of
Villar’s childhood poverty claims, interviewing neighbors, family
members, and retired and active fish vendors who used to source their
fish from Manny’s mother, Curing. She was acknowledged by both family
members and her fellow-fish dealers as the entrepreneur in the family,
and whom the candidate credits for teaching him the rudiments of
business.
Manuel Villar Sr.'s government income
We also obtained from government archives the partial government
employment records of the late Manuel Villar Sr. from 1938 to 1961 (his
records beyond that year have not yet been found). Together with
accounts from Curing’s fellow vendors of how much she was probably
earning at the time, a fairly accurate picture has emerged for the first
time of the Villar family’s income and what it could be worth in
today’s money.
According to Manuel Villar Sr.’s salary record in 1961 as a rising
official in the then-Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, he
was earning P448 a month or P5376 a year. It does not sound like much
but the value of money was much different then. The minimum wage was
four pesos a day, and an eight-ounce soft drink was 10 centavos or less.
The elder Villar was earning an average of P22 a day.
Significantly, according to a household income
survey in 1961 conducted by the National Statistics Office, the average
annual individual income in that year was only P1,105. In other words,
Manny Villar’s father was earning nearly five times the average income
at the time.
Using the consumer price index from both 1961 and 2009 available on the
National Statistics Office web site, we calculated the equivalent of
P448 in 1961 to be P35,392 in today’s money, Manuel Villar Sr.’s monthly
salary when adjusted for inflation. His rank in the civil service then
was Budget Officer III.
Even in 1957, when the candidate says the family was much poorer, his
father was earning P3960 a year at a time when the average individual
income was P924 per annum.
Manuel Villar Sr. had started out in the government service in 1938 as a
laboratory helper and became a junior fish warden during World War II.
According to his employment records, Manuel Sr. studied fisheries in the
United States as a "pensionado" or government scholar in 1948-49. When
he returned to the Philippines, he was soon made a section chief and he
continued to rise in both rank and salary.
Being a government employee was a relatively comfortable situation in
the 1950s and 60s, especially for the rare one who had studied abroad on
a scholarship. Government officials were much better paid in those days
and, without the reputation for corruption attached to government
service today, they enjoyed greater prestige in the community.
“They were definitely middle class," said Dr. Cielito Habito, an
economist at Ateneo de Manila University and a former head of the
National Economic and Development Authority, or NEDA, who helped
GMANews.TV convert the elder Villar's income to today’s money.
A double income family
But the father’s regular salary was just one income in the Villars’
double-income family. The main breadwinner was actually Manny’s now
famous mother Curing. According to several fish market vendors and their
children who worked alongside the Villars in the Divisoria market in
the 1960s, Curing earned no less than P80 a day and could have averaged
as much as P600 a day after building up a steady customer base that
included restaurants and nearby offices to whom she delivered fresh
fish.
Using the factor of 79, based on the Consumer Price Index, that’s the
equivalent of P6,320 to P47,400 a day in 2010. The lower figure was
recalled by Eduardo Artures, 69, who worked in the same market in his
teens and who knew the Villars.
The higher figure was cited by retired fish vendor Lelet Buenviaje, 68,
who worked in Divisoria for nearly 40 years and sold shrimp just a few
stalls a way from Curing. She recalls Manny Jr. as a hard-working son
who often assisted his mother.
Lelet Buenviaje, 68, began selling seafood at the
Divisoria Market in 1960, the year she got married. She would regularly
purchase shrimp from Curing Villar, who she remembers as hard-working
and humble. DANNY PATA
Listen to excerpts from
Lelet Buenviaje's interview here:
She vividly recalls Curing being one of the most successful Divisoria
seafood wholesalers during the 1960s. She herself would buy seafood
from Aling Curing on a nearly daily basis, which she would then retail.
“Kasi kung minsan tinatanghali ako, wala na kong aabutan sa labas
eh," recalls Lelet.
“Minsan kumukuha ako 20 kilos, hanggang 30
(kilos). Pinakamababa 10 kilos ang kuha ko sa kanya. Napapautang niya
kami. Kinabukasan ang bayad. Mabait si Aling Curing."
Lelet remembers most of Aling Curing’s customers being seafood vendors
themselves as well, not ordinary consumers.
“Halimbawa may naligaw na buyer na bibili ng tingi, nagbebenta din
siya. Pero mas marami siyang suki sa mga nagtitinda," remembers
Lelet.
However, Senator Villar has insisted that his mother was never a
wholesaler. “We were not in wholesaling. We were ordinary vendors
selling shrimps in public markets, which I’ve been saying for so many
times," he has said. “
Tatlong banyera lamang ang tinda namin. Noong
bandang huli, noong ako ay nasa college na, medyo dumadami-dami na yung
tinda namin."
Curing Villar and three of her daughters, who met GMANews.TV in an
exclusive group interview in the family home in Las Piñas, don’t recall
their income in those days, a time of low food prices and national
optimism when the elder Macapagal, incumbent President Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo’s father, was promising to lead a frugal and honest
administration. But they were one in insisting that they were poor. The
Villar sisters Baby, Vicky, and Cecile recall how during their years in
Moriones, they had to forego luxuries such as new clothes and expensive
food just to help their parents support their large family.
“
Minsan, lalagyan lang namin ng patis ang kanin. Minsan, saging na
may bagoong, mantika na may asin. Kung wala kaming ulam, kanin lang,
okay na sa amin ‘yun sa araw-araw. ‘Pag may natira sa tinda (ni Nanay),
yung mga hipon na nagkadurog-durog na ‘yung ulo, sisipsipin pa namin,"
says Gloria “Baby" Villar-Benedicto, one of Manny Villar’s three
younger sisters. Baby is one year younger than the senator.
Manny Villar's three younger sisters Baby, Vicky, and
Cecile (left to right) sat down for an interview with GMANews.TV last
April 19.
Listen to excerpts of an interview with
the Villar sisters.
The Villar family’s conviction about their own poverty in the 1950s and
1960s could simply highlight the different definitions people have of
being poor. Having nine children, with one dying of disease, could have
left an imprint of hardship on their memories.
With tears in her eyes, Curing Villar recalls the desperation she felt
when her youngest child Daniel fell ill.
"Alam mo, kapag may sakit ang anak mo, kung saan maaaring gumaling,
dadalhin mo," she recalls, the pain still fresh, even after nearly
50 years. She also remembers borrowing money for her son's medical
expenses:
"May nagbibigay ng 20 porsyento sa palengke noon. Sabi ko,
'Ibalik mo na pera ko. Kahit magkano na lang ibigay mo sa akin, ibalik
mo. Kailangan na kailangan lang ng anak ko ang pera eh.' Pabalik-balik
ako sa kanya noon.."
But according to researchers who have worked in Tondo, the Villars were
clearly much better off than many residents at the time.
Dr. Mary Racelis, an urban anthropologist who did poverty studies in
Tondo in the 1960s, says poverty cannot be measured by income alone.
“Housing is a very strong indicator of poverty," she told GMANews.TV.
“They (the Villars) were renters of a home made of strong materials.
That does not make them poor."
“The really poor in Tondo lived in ramshackle homes of nipa and straw,"
Racelis added.
According to the poor themselves, she continued, “the poverty threshold
is having three regular meals a day. That’s the threshold in Tondo to
this day."
“The Villars had a double income, the father was a regular wage earner,
they eventually owned a piece of land. They were in the formal sector -
they could have been in the upper 10 percent," Racelis said. “There was
no way they were poor in Tondo."
Moreover, according to Angelito Nunag, a UP-educated historian
specializing in Tondo history, “Moriones was central to all activities,
and near the church, market and pier.
Kung may tirahan ka diyan,
kahit rental, may sinasabi ka."
While recalling that they grew up without luxuries, the Villar children
have never claimed they were hungry, admitting they always had three
meals a day, thanks to their hardworking parents.
When asked how difficult it was back then to feed nine children, Nanay
Curing recalls: “
Hindi naman mahirap. Simple lang naman ang kinakain
namin eh. ‘Yun lang mga isda na putol ang ulo, putol ang buntot, ang
inuuwi ko. Hindi naman ‘yung mamahalin."
With a double income much higher than the nation’s average, the Villar
couple could easily afford to feed their children.
Their fish dealer-mother also had easy access to unsold fish and shrimp
from the market, which she often brought home for her family's dinner.
Nanay Curing’s humble origins
Despite Curing Villar's success, she never forgot where she came from.
While candidate Villar’s rags-to-riches narrative is debatable, his
mother’s origins featured a major disaster that left her family with
nothing.
While research conducted by GMANews.tv shows that
the Villar family was technically "middle class," Curing Villar's own
stories reveal memories of the hardship she endured to give her children
a good life. In an intimate interview with GMANews.TV last April 19,
she talked about her childhood in Bataan, love in the time of war, the
secrets of success, and the pain of losing a child. Play the video to
listen to excerpts from the interview.
Curita “Curing" Bamba grew up in the fishing town of Orani, Bataan where
according to her own description, her father worked as an “influence
peddler" at the municipio. But a cataclysmic fire before World War II
nearly wiped out the town, including her family’s home, forcing her
parents and two older sisters to migrate to Manila.
The Bamba sisters and their mother started out sewing dresses at the
Hollywood shirt factory near Tondo’s Santo Niño church, a factory that
still exists. But Nanay Curing recalls that shortly before the war, she
found her opportunity to set up a small business when there was a public
raffle for stall spaces at the Divisoria Market.
“Nung nakabunot ako sa Divisoria, nakakuha ako ng pwesto 2245,"
she recalls. Her future husband, Manuel “Maning" Villar Sr., was a
war-time government fish inspector she met when he was ordered by
Japanese soldiers to confiscate her fish to feed the troops. She
persuaded him to bring the fish to his family rather than to the enemy.
That was the start of an entrepreneurial life that provided the seeds
for her son’s rise to wealth and power. Manny has frequently called his
mother “the original Mrs. Sipag at Tiyaga."
Lelet Buenviaje says that when she became a fish vendor in 1960, Curing
Villar was already a wholesaler who supplied mostly shrimp from her
native Bataan to retailers.
“Maraming suki yan," Lelet recalls.
“Laging
walang natitira sa tinda. Ubos na ubos."
As the family breadwinner, Buenviaje says she earned as much as P300 net
income on a good day, or P23,700 in today’s money, enabling her to buy a
house in Tondo. She says Curing made at least twice as much as she did.
Even when Curing was already earning the equivalent of tens of thousands
per day, she was not known to splurge on fancy dresses and worked on
every holiday except for Good Friday, her only rest day of the year.
Manny, as the second child and oldest son, was often at her side
assisting her before he went to school.
Even up until Manny was in college, he would help his mother sell
seafood. Curing recalls how a teen-aged Manny negotiated a business deal
that marked her entrance into big-time seafood dealership.
“Kaya ako nakapagrasyon noon, kasi naging kaklase ni Manny noon ang
anak ng namamahala sa William Lines. Sabi ni Manny sa kaklase niya,
‘Baka naman puwedeng magrasyon ng isda ang nanay ko sa inyo,’" says
Curing. During the 1960s, William Lines was one of the largest shipping
lines in the country.
Villar family moves to upscale neighborhood
Curing’s earnings, coupled with her husband’s regular salary, enabled
the couple to buy property in the exclusive Tondo subdivision of San
Rafael. According to the Tondo historian Nunag, San Rafael was a
community built by Americans during the Commonwealth period to house the
newly wealthy of Tondo.
A photograph of Moriones Street in the 1950s.
When
they left the Moriones house, the less well-off Bamba sisters remained
there with their children and their parents, Manny’s grandparents.
By that time, Manny and most of his siblings were enrolled in the
then-Tondo Parochial School run by the church, which charged a modest
tuition fee. Their cousins continued in the nearby public school Isabelo
delos Reyes Elementary School, where Manny and his older sister Odette
began their education before transferring to the private school.
In San Rafael, the Villars lived among the upwardly mobile of Tondo. The
house still stands along quiet Bernardo Street, but is now owned by a
Jun Borres who uses the structure to house workers employed by his
company Jumbo Fisheries. The village has apparently seen its best days
and vehicles can enter without a security check. Warehouses dominate the
area, and the rainy season still brings floods. The newly wealthy would
probably not live there any more.
But that is where Manny moved as a teen-ager and lived at a time when he
claimed his family was too poor to save the life of his brother Danny,
who got sick and died of leukemia after their transfer to San Rafael.
The Senator and his siblings explain that by that time their family
moved to San Rafael, they had already begun to rise above the poverty
they experienced when living in Moriones.
Cecile Villar-Feralino, the senator’s youngest sibling, explains:
"Kasi
si Ate Odette tumutulong nang magpaaral sa amin. May katuwang si Nanay.
Tuition fee, siya ang nagbabayad sa high school namin. May mga
tumutulong na. Si Kuya (Manny) tumutulong na din." Odette was the
eldest among the Villar siblings.
"Nagkataon na noong nagkasakit ang kapatid ko si Danny, kalilipat
lang namin. Transition period 'yun. Sabi nga sa (kanta), umahon kami.
Unti-unti kaming umunlad. Ang Moriones at ang Balut, magkaiba. Ang
sinasabing mahirap kami, sa Moriones 'yun," says Manny Villar's
sister, Baby.
Whatever the true circumstances of Danny’s death, Manny Villar’s parents
certainly had enough to give their oldest son a better education and
upbringing than many in Tondo at the time, setting the stage for
building a business empire and in 2010, a run at the presidency.
David Mikael Taclino
Inyu Web Development and Design
Creative Writer
